Sources and methodology.

Prayer time calculation

All prayer times on Daily Adhan are computed by the Aladhan API, an open-source prayer time service maintained by IslamicNetwork. Aladhan implements the standard astronomical algorithms used by major mosques and Islamic timekeeping software worldwide. We cache responses for 24 hours per capital to reduce load on the upstream service.

Calculation methods

Each capital is published with the per-country calculation method conventionally used by its major mosques and Islamic centres. Common choices include:

• Umm al-Qura for Saudi Arabia.
• Egyptian General Authority for Egypt and most of the Levant and North Africa.
• Diyanet for Turkey.
• University of Islamic Sciences, Karachi for Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh.
• ISNA for North America.
• MUIS for Singapore and Malaysia.
• Institute of Geophysics, Tehran for Iran.
• Russia method for the Russian Federation.
• UOIF for France and parts of West Africa.
• Muslim World League as the default everywhere else.
• Asr school: Default Shafi'i (Aladhan school 0). Hanafi school (school 1) available via the calculation toggle on capital pages.

Capital coordinates

Latitude and longitude for each capital reflect its recognised geographic centre. For most capitals this is the city hall or central administrative district reference point. Coordinates were verified against OpenStreetMap. Variations within a metropolitan area produce prayer-time differences of seconds, well within the precision of routine observance.

Mosque directory

Mosque listings draw from public sources and are verified against each mosque's own website where one exists:

• Mosque-published websites and directories.
• Official tourism and cultural board listings for major capital mosques.
• Salaam directory (international).
• Local civic records and capital-published Islamic centre lists.

Mosques are listed only with publicly verifiable street addresses. We do not list ad-hoc prayer rooms, family mosques, or institutions without a public location.

Hijri date

The Hijri date displayed throughout the site is provided by the Aladhan API, which uses the Umm al-Qura calendar (Saudi Arabia's official calendar). Hijri dates may differ by one day from local moonsighting in particular communities; this is normal and reflects the well-known difference between calculated and observed Hijri dates.

Population statistics

Population figures cited in capital pages are drawn from each country's most recent national statistical office or census estimate available at the time of writing. We update population figures annually.

Editorial sources

Historical and community-life content draws from a combination of academic publications, mosque-published histories, regional Muslim heritage projects, and reputable news archives. Where a specific factual claim is unusual or particularly significant, we cite the source inline. For our editorial review process, see editorial policy.